{"id":4410,"date":"2022-01-17T07:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-01-17T07:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.diogonunes.com\/blog\/?p=4410"},"modified":"2021-10-30T12:02:59","modified_gmt":"2021-10-30T11:02:59","slug":"testers-toolbox-4-oracles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.diogonunes.com\/blog\/testers-toolbox-4-oracles\/","title":{"rendered":"Oracles (Toolbox #4)"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure id=\"attachment_4420\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4420\" style=\"width: 580px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.diogonunes.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/tachina-lee-wjk_SSqCE4-unsplash.jpg?resize=580%2C387&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"580\" height=\"387\" class=\"size-large wp-image-4420\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.diogonunes.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/tachina-lee-wjk_SSqCE4-unsplash.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.diogonunes.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/tachina-lee-wjk_SSqCE4-unsplash.jpg?resize=400%2C267&amp;ssl=1 400w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.diogonunes.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/tachina-lee-wjk_SSqCE4-unsplash.jpg?resize=768%2C512&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.diogonunes.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/tachina-lee-wjk_SSqCE4-unsplash.jpg?resize=1536%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.diogonunes.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/tachina-lee-wjk_SSqCE4-unsplash.jpg?resize=1200%2C800&amp;ssl=1 1200w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.diogonunes.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/tachina-lee-wjk_SSqCE4-unsplash.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.diogonunes.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/tachina-lee-wjk_SSqCE4-unsplash.jpg?w=1740&amp;ssl=1 1740w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4420\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Photo by <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/@chne_?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText\">Tachina Lee<\/a> on <a href=\"https:\/\/unsplash.com\/?utm_source=unsplash&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_content=creditCopyText\">Unsplash<\/a><br \/><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<blockquote>\n<p><strong>tl;dr<\/strong> An oracle is a source of knowledge that improves your testing.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2>Theory<\/h2>\n<p>There are a number of ways in which you can determine that you have discovered a defect in a software application. Those are your test oracles. Oracles are the mechanism by which you <strong>recognise a problem<\/strong>. They help you discover the real reason why you think there is a problem.<\/p>\n<p>Knowing your oracles means that you can <strong>objectively explain<\/strong> to developers and business stakeholders why the users of the software will agree that you have found a bug. This makes your <a href=\"https:\/\/dialex.github.io\/start-testing\/#\/roles\/bug-hunter.md\">bug advocation<\/a> more effective.<\/p>\n<p>In <strong>oracle-based testing<\/strong>, you compare the behaviour of the program under test to the behaviour of a source you consider accurate (an oracle). You constantly look for answers to: Is this behaviour correct? Is this what the user expects? A tester who is familiar with the type of product under test will have no problem making these evaluations. However, a newcomer needs a reference \u2014 an oracle.<\/p>\n<p>Some oracles lead you to other oracles, which allow you to extend your initial test strategy into areas you haven&#8217;t thought about before. Keep in mind that each oracle <strong>focus on a specific perspective<\/strong>. If you limit yourself to a single oracle, it might bias your testing by giving you a narrow view of your context. That is why oracles are <a href=\"https:\/\/dialex.github.io\/start-testing\/#\/toolbox\/heuristics.md\">heuristics<\/a> \u2014 they are useful tools that help us make decisions, but sometimes they point us to the wrong decision.<\/p>\n<h2>Practice<\/h2>\n<p>Oracles come in many shapes, here are a few examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>a document, that gives specific correct outputs for given inputs;<\/li>\n<li>an algorithm, that a human can use to calculate correct outputs for given inputs;<\/li>\n<li>another program, which takes the same input and produces the same output (for comparison);<\/li>\n<li>a human domain expert, who can look at the output and tell whether it is correct;<\/li>\n<li>or any other way of telling that a given output is correct.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Use the <a href=\"https:\/\/dialex.github.io\/start-testing\/#\/toolbox\/mnemonics.md\">mnemonic<\/a> <code>FEW HICCUPS<\/code> to remember these oracles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Familiarity<\/strong>: Is it free of common\/past bugs?\n<ul>\n<li><em>e.g. the product exhibits behaviour X which was marked as a bug on previous releases<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Explainability<\/strong>: Is it intuitive or do you need help? Is it clear or do you need an explanation?\n<ul>\n<li><em>e.g. our beta testers were not sure what button X would do if clicked<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>World<\/strong>: How does it plug into what already exists in the world?\n<ul>\n<li><em>e.g. our product can be used as a tool to carry DoS attacks on other websites<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>History<\/strong>: Is the new version coherent with the older ones?\n<ul>\n<li><em>e.g. feature X existed in the previous version and now it&#8217;s gone<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Image<\/strong>: Does it match the brand? Does it affect the reputation?\n<ul>\n<li><em>e.g. colours don&#8217;t match the company guidelines<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>e.g. the choice of words\/images might sound aggressive for culture X<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Compare<\/strong>: How does it compare with competitors?\n<ul>\n<li><em>e.g. players in our market solve X by doing Y, there&#8217;s no value in doing it differently<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Claims<\/strong>: Does the product match what the sales\/marketing says about it?\n<ul>\n<li><em>e.g. our latest ad claims our product does X but it doesn&#8217;t<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Users<\/strong>: Does it meet the desires and expectations of the end-users?\n<ul>\n<li><em>e.g. users of this market expect this screen to be customisable<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Product<\/strong>: How does it compare with internal products?\n<ul>\n<li><em>e.g. our product A has a sidebar but our product B uses a top navbar to accomplish the same<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Purpose<\/strong>: Does it meet the desires and expectations of the company?\n<ul>\n<li><em>e.g. feature A doesn&#8217;t meet the requirements given by our Product Owner<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Standards<\/strong>: Does it comply with (external) laws and regulations?\n<ul>\n<li><em>e.g. this page scored too low on W3C&#8217;s accessibility test<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This <a href=\"http:\/\/www.testingeducation.org\/k04\/examples\/obas05s.html\">link<\/a> shows how to apply the &#8220;comparable products&#8221; oracle to test the copy-paste feature in different software.<\/p>\n<h2>Teachers<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.developsense.com\/blog\/\">Michael Bolton<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Sources<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dojo.ministryoftesting.com\/lessons\/99-second-introduction-to-oracles\">Software Testing Clinic&#8217;s 99 seconds intro<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.testingeducation.org\/k04\/OracleExamples.htm\">A Course in Black Box Software Testing<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/katrinatester.blogspot.pt\/2014\/09\/heuristics-and-oracles.html\">Heuristics and Oracles<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/kaner.com\/?p=190\">The Oracle Problem and the Teaching of Software Testing<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/stackoverflow.com\/a\/23971174\/675577\">What is a test oracle, and what is it used for?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>tl;dr An oracle is a source of knowledge that improves your testing.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4420,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[86,55],"class_list":["post-4410","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-work","tag-course","tag-testing"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.6 - 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